


കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ബ്രൗസറിൽ ഈ പേജിലെ ഏതെങ്കിലും ലിങ്കിൽ ക്ളിക്ക് ചെയ്തുകൊണ്ട് മറ്റൊരു സ്ഥാനത്തേക്ക് നീങ്ങിയാൽ, തിരിച്ച് പഴയ സ്ഥാത്തേക്ക് വരാനായി ചെയ്യേണ്ടത്, കീ-ബോഡിലെ Alt കീ അമർത്തിപ്പിടിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് back-arrow അമർത്തുക എന്നതാണ്.
മൊബൈൽ ഉപകരണങ്ങളിൽ, സ്ക്രീനിൽ താഴെ കാണുന്ന back-arrow സ്പർശിച്ചാൽ, നേരത്തെ ഉള്ള സ്ഥാനത്തേക്ക് നീങ്ങാം.
The District Magistrate, Mr. Conolly, in reporting on the outrage and wholesale murders of January 4ₜₕ-8ₜₕ, suggested that a commission should be appointed “to report on the question of Mappilla disturbances generally.
I wish,” he stated, “for the utmost publicity. If any want of, or mistake in, management on my part has led in the slightest degree to these fearful evils (far more fearful in my time than they have ever been before), I am most desirous that a remedy be applied, whatever be the effect as regards my personal interests.
Socially the cultivators are subjected (particularly if they are Hindus) to many humiliations and much tyrannical usage by their landlord.
When K.P.C.C took the decision to launch the CDM (Civil Disobedience Movement) campaign, there was great consternation among a significant minority within the Congress party. K. Madhavan Nair resigned from the Congress fearing another Mappila Rebellion. No wonder, the rebel zones in Malabar remained quiescent even at the height of Salt Satyagraha in 1932.
'Since I have got good command over English and Hindusthani and a thorough knowledge in Islam and its tenets, I am able to object to any move on the part of government that may turn to be tantamount to the interest of Islam.
Hence, I request the Muslims, who are serious about the well being of the Muslim community, to cast your vote in favour of me'.
'as the aims and objectives of Aikya Sangam and Muslim Majlis were the same, the conference felt that there was no need for two separate organisations and passed a resolution to cease the activities of the Sangam.'
As Moidu Moulavi observed, "the Majlis was formed by some moderates and pro-British leaders who could not agree with the policies of the Congress.
But there were not a few Germans, especially in the nationalist camp, who let themselves be dazzled by such inflated Orientals and readily accepted any old Indian or ............ student from God knows where, as a ‘representative’ of India or .....
'It is a religious duty for Muslims to be united. This unity under an organisation is not intended to oppress anybody or to create tension in society. It is for protecting and propagating the faith of Islam'.
”A sum is set apart “for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories.
It is argued, or rather taken for granted, that by literature, the Parliament can have meant only Arabic and Sanscrit literature, that they never would have given the honorable appellation of “a learned native” a native who was familiar with the poetry of Milton, the Metaphysics of Locke, and the Physics of Newton; but that they meant to designate by that name only such persons as might have studied in the sacred books of the Hindoos all the uses of cusa-grass, and all the mysteries of absorption into the Deity.
At this the pandal was strewn with broken chairs and shoes were flung by Aurobindo Ghosh and his friends. Sticks and umbrellas were thrown on the platform. There was a physical scuffle. When people came running to attack Tilak on the dais, Gokhale went and stood next to Tilak to protect him.
വന്ദേ മാതരം എന്ന കവിതയെ ബൃട്ടിഷ്-ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ദേശീയ ഗാനമാക്കാനുള്ള പദ്ധതി ഉപേക്ഷിക്കണം.
1: എല്ലാരും കൊള്ളയടിക്കാൻ പോയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഗ്രാമങ്ങളെല്ലാം ഇപ്പോൾ സംരക്ഷണമില്ലാതായിരിക്കുന്നു. അവർ ഇപ്പോൾ മുഹമ്മദീയരുടെ ഗ്രാമങ്ങളേയും തൊഴിൽശാലകളേയും കൊള്ളയടിച്ചിട്ട് അവരവരുടെ വീടുകളിൽ വന്നുചേരും.
2: അപ്പോൾ അവിടെ വലിയ കോലാഹലമുണ്ടായി. ചിലർ 'കൊല്ലുവിൻ മൊട്ടത്തലയന്മാരെ, കൊല്ലുവിൻ' എന്ന് ആർത്തുവിളിച്ചു. ചിലർ 'ജയ മഹാരാജാ കീ ജയ' എന്നു ആർത്തുവിളിച്ചു. ചിലർ 'ഹരേ മുരാരേ മധു കൈട ഭാരെ' എന്ന ഗാനം ആലപിച്ചു. മറ്റു ചിലർ 'ബന്ദേ മാതരം' എന്ന് പാടി.
3: മുപ്പതുകോടി ദേവകളെ ആരാധിക്കുന്നതല്ല സനാതനധർമ്മം. അത് നികൃഷ്ടമായ ലൗകിക പാമര മതമത്രെ. ആ പാമര പ്രഭാവത്തെ മേള്ച്ചന്മാർ ഹിന്ദുമതം എന്ന് നിർവ്വചിച്ചതിനാൽ, യഥാർത്ഥ സനാതന ധർമ്മം നശിച്ചുപോയി.
4: ആംഗലേയരുടെ ഭരണത്തിൽ പ്രജകൾ സുഖമായി അവരവരുടെ മതാചാരങ്ങളെ നിർബന്ധം കൂടാതെ അനുഷ്ഠിച്ചുകൊള്ളും.
5: ആംഗലേയർ ഇപ്പോൾ വ്യാപാരികൾ ആണ്. ധന സമ്പാദനത്തിന് ആണ് അവർ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നത്. രാജ്യഭാരം ചെയ്യാൻ അവർ ഇഷ്ടപ്പെടില്ല. എങ്കിലും അവർ ഈ രാജ്യം (Bengal) ഭരിക്കേണ്ടിവരും. .... ആംഗലേയർ രാജ്യഭാരം കൈയേൽക്കാൻ വേണ്ടിയാണ് മുഹമ്മദീയരെ നമ്മൾ പുറത്താക്കിയത്.
ലഹളക്കാർ നടത്തിയ ആക്രമണങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള കഥകൾ പറയുന്ന ഹിന്ദുക്കൾ, പോലീസ് വന്ന് അറസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യുന്നത് എപ്പോഴെന്ന് ഭയപ്പെട്ടുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയും ജയിലിൽ കഴിയുന്ന ബന്ധുക്കളെക്കുറിച്ച് വ്യാകുലരായിക്കഴിയുകയും ചെയ്യുന്ന മുസ്ലീങ്ങൾ; ഗാന്ധിയേയും കോൺഗ്രസ്സിനേയും പഴിക്കുന്ന ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭക്തന്മാർ ; കോൺഗ്രസിനെ ന്യായീകരിക്കുന്നതെങ്ങനെയെന്നറിയാതെ നിൽക്കുന്ന ദേശീയവാദികൾ - ഇതാണ് സ്ഥതി.
Genuine Arabs, of whom many families of pure blood are settled on the coast, .............. have a great regard for the truth, and in their finer feelings they approach nearer to the standard of English gentlemen than any other class of persons in Malabar.
On the 9th November 1851 information was received that Choriyot Mayan and eight others were designing to break out and kill one Kalattil Kesuvan Tangal, a wealthy and influential Hindu janmi of Mattanur in Kottayam taluk.
Just before the Joint Commission was dissolved, the Supravisor made a exempting the lands of the Kundotti Tangal (a high priest of one section of the Mappillas) from payment of the revenue, as had been the custom in Tippu’s time, on the condition that the Tangal and his people would prove loyal to the Honourable Company a promise which they have ever since very faithfully fulfilled.
Mr. Conolly had received an anonymous letter warning him, but unfortunately thought it needless to take precautions, and had not even mentioned it to Mrs. Conolly.
“To the infidels he supplies this in vessels ; to the Moslems he pours it in their hands. They do not allow the Moslems to touch their vessels, or to enter into their apartments ; but if any one should happen to eat out of one of their vessels, they break it to pieces. But in most of their districts the Mussulman merchants have houses, and are greatly respected.
So that Moslems who are strangers, whether they are merchants or poor, may lodge among them. But at any town in which no Moslem resides, upon any one’s arriving they cook, and pour out drink for him, upon the leaf of the banana ; and, whatever he happens to leave, is given to the dogs.
Mappillas consequently abounded in this chief’s territory, but as Muhammadan immigrants were few in his inland tracts he had perforce to recruit his Mappilja retainers from the lowest classes of all—the slaves of the soil or Cherumar.
Although., therefore, the Vellatiri Raja’s districts were restored “to the Raja for management, it was soon discovered that he was powerless to repress the disturbance which speedily arose between Nayar and Mappilla, and it was in consequence of this that so early as May 1793 the Joint Commissioners had to resume his districts and manage them directly.
Having tasted the sweets of liberty under the Mysorean rule, these Mappillas did not readily yield submission to the ancient order of things when the Mysoreans were driven out.
If any want of, or mistake in, management on my part has led in the slightest degree to these fearful evils (far more fearful in my time than they have ever been before), I am most desirous that a remedy be applied, whatever be the effect as regards my personal interests.
Mappillas regarded him “as imbued with a portion of divinity. They swear by his foot as their most solemn oath. Earth on which he has spat or walked is treasured up. Marvellous stories are told of his supernatural knowledge. His blessing is supremely prized.
In 1765-66 Hyder Ali paid a visit to these Nads, and his agents and his tributary, the Coimbatore Raja (Maha Deo Raj, usually styled Madavan in Malabar), afterwards till 1767-68 managed the country and levied irregular and violent contributions both on the personal and on the real property of the inhabitants.
In 1773 Chunder Row and Sreenivas Row came with troops and wrested the country from the Zamorin. By their orders the Nads were rented to Mohidin Muppan and Haidros Kutti, who collected 100 per cent, of the pattam (rent), but finding that insufficient to enable them to meet their engagements, they imposed further contributions and seized personal property. Finding this means also fail, they carried some of the inhabitants to Seringapatain with whatever accounts of the pattam (rent) were extent.
This exaltation of the Mappilla caste enables them to make better terms with their janmis. The janmis do not fear the Hindus as a caste. Therefore Hindu tenants have to submit to terms which Mappilla tenants would not endure. And finally the result is that there is a steady movement whereby in all the Mappilla tracts the land in passing slowly but surely into the possession of the Mappillas and the Hindus are going to the wall.
The big janmis’ property is scattered widely over the face of the country and is rarely held in compact blocks capable of effective management. Most of them do not know where much of their property lies, having never even seen it.
They do not know the persons who cultivate it, and do not concern themselves as to whether their tenants sublet or not. Most of them care nothing for the welfare of their tenants.
And the tenants are, as a rule, largely in arrears with their rents. Moreover, the men employed by these big janmis to manage their scattered properties are all men of common education, who get very small pay, and their chief duty is to grant receipts for rent collected.
This granting of receipts places large power for evil in the hands of these low-paid and ignorant agents, and they have to be bribed by the ryots in order that they may be allowed to remain in the good graces of the janmis, who in regard to local details are completely in their agents’ hands.
On the night of the 28th February 1852 one Triyakalattil Chekku and fifteen other Mappillas of Melmuri and Kilmuri amsams in the Ernad taluk "set out to die and to create a fanatical outbreak.”
Information of this was given by the principal Mappillas of the former amsam at about ten o’clock that night. They and their adherents remained on guard during the whole of the night at the houses of Pilatodi Panchu Menon and Purmekad Pisharodi, the principal Hindu janmis in the amsam, and respecting the former of whom there were on several occasions rumours that Mappilla fanatics were seeking to kill him.
On the morning of Sunday the 29th, Panchu Menon hastened into Malapuram, having been alarmed by seeing some Mappillas moving on the hill at the back of his house. He applied for protection to the officer in command at Malapuram, who, deeming the danger of an attack on Panchu Menon’s house imminent, proceeded with a portion of his troops to the house, where they remained for a few hours. He left a guard of twenty-five sepoys, who were withdrawn at night, a guard of villagers being substituted.
On the night of the 28th April 1852 the house of Kannambat Tangal in Kottayam taluk was fired into and the out-buildings of the Kallur temple were set on fire.
The tahsildar (a Hindu) was of opinion that it was done by Hindus wishing to profit by the absence of the Tangal, the great janmi of the locality. The Sri Kovil (shrine) and the grain rooms were left uninjured, and this fact was urged in support of the tahsildar’s opinion.
But in the view of the Special Commissioner, Mr. Strange, this opinion had been expressed more to suit the views of the Collector (Mr. Conolly) than to report facts.
Mr. Strange took a different view and attributed the affair to the Mappillas.
In April-May 1852 two Cheramars (the property of Kudilil Kannu Kutti Nayar, peon of Chernad taluk), after embracing Muhammadanism, reverted to their original faith after the departure of Saiyid Fazl, through whose influence they had become converts.
Some Mappillas did not relish this, and consequently determined to murder Kannu Kutti Nayar and the two Cheramars, and thus become Sahids (martyrs).
Although the Nayar agreed to relinquish his claims over these Cheramars on receipt of their purchase money, the impression made on the conspirators was that Kannu Kutti Nayar alone was instrumental to the Cheramars’ apostacy.
“It is apparent thus that in no instance can any outbreak or threat of outbreak that has arisen be attributed to the oppression of tenants by landlords.
A great clamour is now raised on this regard prominently in the southern taluks visited by me, the Mappilla population seeking to throw the blame of these outbreaks upon the landlords by thus charging them with being the cause thereof.
I have given the subject every attention, and am convinced that though instances may and do arise of individual hardship to a tenant, the general character of the dealings of the Hindu landlords towards their tenantry, whether Mappilla or Hindu, is mild, equitable and forbearing
and that the Mappilla tenantry, especially of the taluks in South Malabar, where the outbreaks have been so common, are very prone to evade their obligations and to resort to false and litigious pleas.
And Mr. Strange proceeded to review some instances—such as the taking of fines and fees on renewal of leases and the granting of melkanam rights for the purpose of getting rid of obnoxious tenants—in which he thought some changes in the customary rules ought to be made.
He then went on to review the next ground for committing them dwelt upon by the Mappillas, namely, that the criminals were forced into them by destitution,
But he next remarked “a feature that has been manifestly common to the whole of these affairs is that they have been one and all marked by the most decided fanaticism, and this, there can be no doubt, has furnished the true incentive to them.
And he then proceeded to state that the Mappillas of the interior were always lawless, even in the time of Tippu’s Government, were steeped in ignorance, and were on these accounts more than ordinarily susceptible to the teaching of ambitious and fanatical priests, using the recognised precepts of the Koran as handles for the sanction to arise and slay Kafirs, who opposed the faithful chiefly in the pursuit of agriculture.
The natural result was that “the Hindus, in the parts where outbreaks have been most frequent, stand in such fear of the Mappillas as mostly not to dare to press for their rights against them, and there is many a Mappilla tenant who does not pay his rent, and cannot, so imminent are the risks, be evicted. Other injuries are also put up with uncomplained of.
............. refusing to recognize any dignity .................Just like his father he criticised practices like kissing the hand, prostrating before the sheikh etc. ........................
Fanatics then, as now, considered it almost essential to success in their enterprise that they should have visited and prayed at the Taramal Tangal’s tomb at Mambram and kissed the hand of the Tangal living in the house close by.
It is no sin, but a merit, to kill a janmi who evicts.
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